p. 361, #1-8

1. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy is directly proportional. Therefore, the higher the energy, the higher the frequency.

2. Spectrum is a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from the lowest types to the highest.

3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis because it energizes electrons in some chemical bonds. Infrared radiation does not have enough energy and ultraviolet light is too powerful and would damage the plants.

4.
a. Infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation.
b. Infrared radiation is heat energy and affects the temperatures of nonliving and living things on Earth. Visible radiation has a big influence on plant photosynthesis, giving the plants the power they need. Ultraviolet radiation gives us the essential vitamin D we need but can also cause sunburn and skin cancer.

5. Visible light does not have enough energy to to sterilize lab goggles. On the other hand, UV-C (ultraviolet light used to sterilize) can break covalent bonds and kill bacteria and germs in order to sterilize objects.

6. Infrared radiation mostly absorbed my carbon dioxide and water and does not reach Earth's surface. 90% of visible radiation  reaches the Earth and causes red sunsets and blue skies. Ultraviolet radiation is mostly absorbed by the atmosphere and only a small amount reaches Earth's surface, however this is a good thing because if not then most likely everything on Earth would be destroyed.

7. When solar radiation is trapped by greenhouse gasses, it can cause an increase in temperature on Earth's surface. It can also increase the amount of water vapor which then enters the atmosphere.

8.
a. A lake will heat up more quickly. Water stores and absorbs heat while asphalt also reflects the energy back into space.
b. Water has a higher specific heat capacity than asphalt.