1. A hydrocarbon is a molecule made of hydrogen atoms where the carbon serves as the backbone.
3. Petroleum is a very valuable resource because one can either burn it or use it to make new substances. Most importantly, petroleum makes plastic. It is also cheap and easy to refine.
5. Oil is crude because it is not renewable and it takes a long time to naturally form. It is very valuable and we depend on it so much, that if we ran out, it would be a world disaster.
6.
a) The average number of barrels of petroleum used daily in the United States for building purposes is 4,000,000 barrels
b) 16,000,000 barrels of petroleum are burned as fuel daily in the United States.
7. Gasoline and diesel fuel come from crude petroleum.
8.
a) plastic hangers, pantyhose, flip flops, fake fur
b) We could use wooden hangers to hang our clothes, wear cotton pantyhose, wear flip flops made of cloth, and wear real fur or fleece.
10.
a) The Middle East
b) Western Europe
11.
a) North America, Central Asian, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, the Far East, and Oceania.
b) Africa, Central and South America, and the Middle East.
12. Density can be used to separate different liquids with the process of distillation.
13. Acetone and water would be the easiest to separate from each other because acetone has a much lower boiling point, and therefore would evaporate very quickly leaving pure water behind.
15. Check paper
16. Fractional distillation is different from simple distillation because fractional distillation separates the substance into many different sections and creates different physical states not only liquid.
17.
light: aviation gas and motor gas, naphthas and solvents, petrochemicals, kerosene, and refined oils
intermediate: gas oil, petrochemicals, heavy furnace oil, and diesel fuel oil
heavy distillates: lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax, cracking stock, and petrochemicals
residues: lubricating oil and fuel oil, petroleum jelly, road oils and asphalt, and petroleum coke.
18. The bottom fraction would have the highest boiling point because it is a solid.
19. You could further separate the fractions by redoing the process of distillation according to the properties of the substances in the mixture.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, and octane. The more hydrogen that a molecule contains, the higher the boiling point.
21. A covalent bond is a bond between atoms where valence electrons are shared.
22. Atoms with filled outer electron shells do not form covalent bonds with other atoms because they are nonreactive since there shells are completed and they have no reason to attach to other atoms.
23. Each atom needs the shared electron in order to be stable, and therefore they both equally have it. This relates how the dogs both want the sock because it makes both of them happy. The bond is not broken until there is a chemical reaction, which would be one of the dogs taking away the sock and sharing it with another dog.
26.
a) A structural formula has the shape of a three dimensional molecule while a molecular formular just represents the atoms
b) A structural formula is inadequate of an actual molecule because it does not show it in 3D. A real atom is 3-dimensional.
27. Check paper
28. It only shows four dots because carbon has four valence electrons. The four electrons are the electrons that are available in the outer shell for sharing.
29.
a) C9H20
b) C16H34
c) C10H22
d) C18H38
30.
a) 128g
b) 226g
c) 142g
d)254g
31.
a) Heptane, C7H16
b) ??
32. It implies that the carbon-carbon bonding is a single covalent bond
33. Yes, the models are isomers of one another because they have the same chemical formula but have different branches and layouts.
34. Check paper
35. The shortest-chain alkane that demonstrates isomerism is CH4
36. Both representations are correct because the formation of the hydrocarbon molecules does not have to be identical each time. The formation can be different but the structure of the individual molecule must remain the same.
37. Check paper
38.
a) A short straight chain because it is easier to separate.
b) A short branched chain because it would be denser and smaller and easier to separate
c) A short branched chain because it has less molecules and therefore the bonds are not as strong.
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