1. A hydrocarbon is a molecule made of hydrogen atoms where the carbon serves as the backbone.
3. Petroleum is a very valuable resource because one can either burn it or use it to make new substances. Most importantly, petroleum makes plastic. It is also cheap and easy to refine.
5. Oil is crude because it is not renewable and it takes a long time to naturally form. It is very valuable and we depend on it so much, that if we ran out, it would be a world disaster.
6.
a) The average number of barrels of petroleum used daily in the United States for building purposes is 4,000,000 barrels
b) 16,000,000 barrels of petroleum are burned as fuel daily in the United States.
7. Gasoline and diesel fuel come from crude petroleum.
8.
a) plastic hangers, pantyhose, flip flops, fake fur
b) We could use wooden hangers to hang our clothes, wear cotton pantyhose, wear flip flops made of cloth, and wear real fur or fleece.
10.
a) The Middle East
b) Western Europe
11.
a) North America, Central Asian, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, the Far East, and Oceania.
b) Africa, Central and South America, and the Middle East.
12. Density can be used to separate different liquids with the process of distillation.
13. Acetone and water would be the easiest to separate from each other because acetone has a much lower boiling point, and therefore would evaporate very quickly leaving pure water behind.
15. Check paper
16. Fractional distillation is different from simple distillation because fractional distillation separates the substance into many different sections and creates different physical states not only liquid.
17.
light: aviation gas and motor gas, naphthas and solvents, petrochemicals, kerosene, and refined oils
intermediate: gas oil, petrochemicals, heavy furnace oil, and diesel fuel oil
heavy distillates: lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax, cracking stock, and petrochemicals
residues: lubricating oil and fuel oil, petroleum jelly, road oils and asphalt, and petroleum coke.
18. The bottom fraction would have the highest boiling point because it is a solid.
19. You could further separate the fractions by redoing the process of distillation according to the properties of the substances in the mixture.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, and octane. The more hydrogen that a molecule contains, the higher the boiling point.
21. A covalent bond is a bond between atoms where valence electrons are shared.
22. Atoms with filled outer electron shells do not form covalent bonds with other atoms because they are nonreactive since there shells are completed and they have no reason to attach to other atoms.
23. Each atom needs the shared electron in order to be stable, and therefore they both equally have it. This relates how the dogs both want the sock because it makes both of them happy. The bond is not broken until there is a chemical reaction, which would be one of the dogs taking away the sock and sharing it with another dog.
26.
a) A structural formula has the shape of a three dimensional molecule while a molecular formular just represents the atoms
b) A structural formula is inadequate of an actual molecule because it does not show it in 3D. A real atom is 3-dimensional.
27. Check paper
28. It only shows four dots because carbon has four valence electrons. The four electrons are the electrons that are available in the outer shell for sharing.
29.
a) C9H20
b) C16H34
c) C10H22
d) C18H38
30.
a) 128g
b) 226g
c) 142g
d)254g
31.
a) Heptane, C7H16
b) ??
32. It implies that the carbon-carbon bonding is a single covalent bond
33. Yes, the models are isomers of one another because they have the same chemical formula but have different branches and layouts.
34. Check paper
35. The shortest-chain alkane that demonstrates isomerism is CH4
36. Both representations are correct because the formation of the hydrocarbon molecules does not have to be identical each time. The formation can be different but the structure of the individual molecule must remain the same.
37. Check paper
38.
a) A short straight chain because it is easier to separate.
b) A short branched chain because it would be denser and smaller and easier to separate
c) A short branched chain because it has less molecules and therefore the bonds are not as strong.
Wednesday, July 20, 2011
What I got out of summer Chem
What I found most valuable in Dr. Forman's chemistry class was the study of water pollution and water shortage. The debate opened my eyes up to a lot of different viewpoints on water as well. As Katrina and I were the only people in the class who thought water pollution was a bigger issue, we were able to share our opinions and reasons for believing that with other people as we also got to hear why water shortage is a big conflict as well. I also learned a lot about water from not only the video, but from our first lab, the water filtration lab. There are a lot of processes that need to take place in order for water to become drinkable and its very expensive to do all those procedures to a very large quantity of water that is enough for a region or country. Summer school has been a good experience because I have become aware of which ways I learn best. I don't think summer school is the right program for me because It takes time for me to process ideas and understand them. Reviewing is necessary for my understanding of a topic and with such a rushed class, that is not as much time available to review certain topics over and over again.
Tuesday, July 19, 2011
p. 258, #1-10
1. Petroleum is sometimes called "buried sunshine" because the energy stored in petroleum originally came from the sun.
2.
a. potential energy: energy of position (ex. a ball on top of a steep hill)
b. kinetic energy: energy related to motion (ex. a child riding a bike)
3. During a chemical reaction, existing bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy because it has more carbons, which means that the molecule has more electrons.
5.
a) potential energy
b) potential energy
c) kinetic energy
d) potential energy
e) potential energy
6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is needed to break preexisting bonds and reorganize to form new bonds. The products have less potential energy than they did before the chemical reaction took place.
7.
a) exothermic reaction
b) endothermic reaction
c) exothermic reaction
8. Burning of a candle gives off heat energy, therefore it is an exothermic reaction. The product has less energy than the original reactants because it has to give off its energy in order for the reaction to create fire.
9. See picture
10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created nor destroyed in any chemical, mechanical, or physical processes.
2.
a. potential energy: energy of position (ex. a ball on top of a steep hill)
b. kinetic energy: energy related to motion (ex. a child riding a bike)
3. During a chemical reaction, existing bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy because it has more carbons, which means that the molecule has more electrons.
5.
a) potential energy
b) potential energy
c) kinetic energy
d) potential energy
e) potential energy
6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is needed to break preexisting bonds and reorganize to form new bonds. The products have less potential energy than they did before the chemical reaction took place.
7.
a) exothermic reaction
b) endothermic reaction
c) exothermic reaction
8. Burning of a candle gives off heat energy, therefore it is an exothermic reaction. The product has less energy than the original reactants because it has to give off its energy in order for the reaction to create fire.
9. See picture
10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created nor destroyed in any chemical, mechanical, or physical processes.
p. 360, #14-20
14. CO2 and water vapor maintain the stable surface temperature of the Earth. When the sun rays hit the eEarth, gas molecules absorb most of the radiation, preventing the high levels of heat from reaching the Earth. During the nighttime, the heat that has been absorbed by the gasses is released, and this helps the temperature stay warm enough.
15.
a)
natural processes: the carbon cycle
human activities: CO2 released from cars
b)
natural processes: A cow's digestion which releases methane into the air
16.
a) increase: a high amount of CO2 levels in the air, trapping the heat on Earth
b) decrease: An increase of gas molecules because fewer rays would reach the surface
17. A greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls because the radiation waves that enter the greenhouse do not escape easily because they keep reflecting off of the glass back onto the ground.
18.
a)
b)
19. Methane, carbon dioxide, and limestone.
20. Carbon atoms go through the carbon cycle, which takes the carbon atoms through the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. It enters the atmosphere when carbon is released as carbon dioxide. It enters the hydrosphere when it is used in plants for respiration and is in glucose form. It becomes part of the biosphere when the CO2 is exhaled from plants becoming oxygen, that is inhaled by humans and exhaled as CO2 by humans. CO2 is also inhaled by underwater plants which also makes it part of the hydrosphere. It is also formed into limestone which makes it part of the lithosphere.
15.
a)
natural processes: the carbon cycle
human activities: CO2 released from cars
b)
natural processes: A cow's digestion which releases methane into the air
human activities: Burning of methane
16.
a) increase: a high amount of CO2 levels in the air, trapping the heat on Earth
b) decrease: An increase of gas molecules because fewer rays would reach the surface
17. A greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls because the radiation waves that enter the greenhouse do not escape easily because they keep reflecting off of the glass back onto the ground.
18.
a)
19. Methane, carbon dioxide, and limestone.
20. Carbon atoms go through the carbon cycle, which takes the carbon atoms through the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. It enters the atmosphere when carbon is released as carbon dioxide. It enters the hydrosphere when it is used in plants for respiration and is in glucose form. It becomes part of the biosphere when the CO2 is exhaled from plants becoming oxygen, that is inhaled by humans and exhaled as CO2 by humans. CO2 is also inhaled by underwater plants which also makes it part of the hydrosphere. It is also formed into limestone which makes it part of the lithosphere.
p. 344, #1-4
1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is more dangerous than exposure to infrared radiation because infrared radiation is the least energetic. UV lights can cause sunburn, skin cancer, and are even hot enough to be used for sterilization. Infrared radiation is mostly just heat energy and is not very harmful.
2. Visible solar radiation energizes electrons and provides energy in order for photosynthesis reactions to occur.
3. There is less water vapor in dry areas like New Mexico and Arizona, and therefore infrared radiation is not stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere but is just stuck at the surface of the Earth. That is what is causing dry hot weather during the day and cold temperatures at night. However in places such as Florida, there is an abundant amount of water vapor in the air which absorbs the heat, keeping the temperature more stable.
4.
a. If the Earth had fewer gas molecules the days would be much hotter because there would not be enough molecules to absorb the heat and reflect it back to the atmosphere, and therefore, the heat would be stuck on the surface.
b. A less dense atmosphere would make the nights much cooler because there would not be enough gas molecules to absorb the heat and maintain it for the night.
2. Visible solar radiation energizes electrons and provides energy in order for photosynthesis reactions to occur.
3. There is less water vapor in dry areas like New Mexico and Arizona, and therefore infrared radiation is not stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere but is just stuck at the surface of the Earth. That is what is causing dry hot weather during the day and cold temperatures at night. However in places such as Florida, there is an abundant amount of water vapor in the air which absorbs the heat, keeping the temperature more stable.
4.
a. If the Earth had fewer gas molecules the days would be much hotter because there would not be enough molecules to absorb the heat and reflect it back to the atmosphere, and therefore, the heat would be stuck on the surface.
b. A less dense atmosphere would make the nights much cooler because there would not be enough gas molecules to absorb the heat and maintain it for the night.
Monday, July 18, 2011
p. 361, #1-8
1. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy is directly proportional. Therefore, the higher the energy, the higher the frequency.
2. Spectrum is a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from the lowest types to the highest.
3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis because it energizes electrons in some chemical bonds. Infrared radiation does not have enough energy and ultraviolet light is too powerful and would damage the plants.
4.
a. Infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation.
b. Infrared radiation is heat energy and affects the temperatures of nonliving and living things on Earth. Visible radiation has a big influence on plant photosynthesis, giving the plants the power they need. Ultraviolet radiation gives us the essential vitamin D we need but can also cause sunburn and skin cancer.
5. Visible light does not have enough energy to to sterilize lab goggles. On the other hand, UV-C (ultraviolet light used to sterilize) can break covalent bonds and kill bacteria and germs in order to sterilize objects.
6. Infrared radiation mostly absorbed my carbon dioxide and water and does not reach Earth's surface. 90% of visible radiation reaches the Earth and causes red sunsets and blue skies. Ultraviolet radiation is mostly absorbed by the atmosphere and only a small amount reaches Earth's surface, however this is a good thing because if not then most likely everything on Earth would be destroyed.
7. When solar radiation is trapped by greenhouse gasses, it can cause an increase in temperature on Earth's surface. It can also increase the amount of water vapor which then enters the atmosphere.
8.
a. A lake will heat up more quickly. Water stores and absorbs heat while asphalt also reflects the energy back into space.
b. Water has a higher specific heat capacity than asphalt.
2. Spectrum is a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from the lowest types to the highest.
3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis because it energizes electrons in some chemical bonds. Infrared radiation does not have enough energy and ultraviolet light is too powerful and would damage the plants.
4.
a. Infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation.
b. Infrared radiation is heat energy and affects the temperatures of nonliving and living things on Earth. Visible radiation has a big influence on plant photosynthesis, giving the plants the power they need. Ultraviolet radiation gives us the essential vitamin D we need but can also cause sunburn and skin cancer.
5. Visible light does not have enough energy to to sterilize lab goggles. On the other hand, UV-C (ultraviolet light used to sterilize) can break covalent bonds and kill bacteria and germs in order to sterilize objects.
6. Infrared radiation mostly absorbed my carbon dioxide and water and does not reach Earth's surface. 90% of visible radiation reaches the Earth and causes red sunsets and blue skies. Ultraviolet radiation is mostly absorbed by the atmosphere and only a small amount reaches Earth's surface, however this is a good thing because if not then most likely everything on Earth would be destroyed.
7. When solar radiation is trapped by greenhouse gasses, it can cause an increase in temperature on Earth's surface. It can also increase the amount of water vapor which then enters the atmosphere.
8.
a. A lake will heat up more quickly. Water stores and absorbs heat while asphalt also reflects the energy back into space.
b. Water has a higher specific heat capacity than asphalt.
Sunday, July 17, 2011
p. 204, #7-13
7. An alloy is a solid solution consisting of atoms of two or more metals.
8. Two common alloys are brass and steel. Brass is made from copper and zinc. We use brass in plumbing, screws, and lighting fixtures. Steel is made from iron and carbon. Steel is used in car and plane parts, kitchen utensils, kitchen appliances, and commonly in modern house architecture.
9. Carbon is used in stainless steel and in steel.
10. AlMg- magnalium (magnesium and aluminum). It is strong and used in airplane bodies and ladders.
11. Semiconductors are between the metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
12. Boron, arsenic, and phosphorous are commonly used for doping semiconductors.
13. They are commonly used in electronic devices such as transistors and integrated circuits for computers.
8. Two common alloys are brass and steel. Brass is made from copper and zinc. We use brass in plumbing, screws, and lighting fixtures. Steel is made from iron and carbon. Steel is used in car and plane parts, kitchen utensils, kitchen appliances, and commonly in modern house architecture.
9. Carbon is used in stainless steel and in steel.
10. AlMg- magnalium (magnesium and aluminum). It is strong and used in airplane bodies and ladders.
11. Semiconductors are between the metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
12. Boron, arsenic, and phosphorous are commonly used for doping semiconductors.
13. They are commonly used in electronic devices such as transistors and integrated circuits for computers.
p. 204, #1-6
1. Allotropes are different forms of an element that each have distinctly different physical or chemical properties but are in the same state.
2. Oxygen and silicon form allotropes.
3.
a. Diamond is a very hard substance, it is not a good conductor, it is colorless, and is very valuable and expensive. Coal is a cheap, powdery substance that is used for fuel. Graphite is another cheap substance that is black, a good conductor, and extremely soft.
b. Their properties are different because they are carbon allotropes and have varied atomic assortments and different structures.
c. Something is either expensive or cheap depending on it's usefulness, appearance, and quality.
4. Engineered materials are materials that were created by a scientist to have specific characteristics of interest through manufacturing methods while natural materials are uncontrolled and untouched by scientists.
5. Ceramics work well under high temperatures and have very high melting points, however they are brittle and can crack during rapid changes in temperature.
6. Creating plastic can create a lot of pollution, therefore finding a way to create plastic without polluting the air would be a very positive change. In addition, plastic melts very easily when in contact with high temperatures. If the melting point was higher, plastic would be much more useful.
2. Oxygen and silicon form allotropes.
3.
a. Diamond is a very hard substance, it is not a good conductor, it is colorless, and is very valuable and expensive. Coal is a cheap, powdery substance that is used for fuel. Graphite is another cheap substance that is black, a good conductor, and extremely soft.
b. Their properties are different because they are carbon allotropes and have varied atomic assortments and different structures.
c. Something is either expensive or cheap depending on it's usefulness, appearance, and quality.
4. Engineered materials are materials that were created by a scientist to have specific characteristics of interest through manufacturing methods while natural materials are uncontrolled and untouched by scientists.
5. Ceramics work well under high temperatures and have very high melting points, however they are brittle and can crack during rapid changes in temperature.
6. Creating plastic can create a lot of pollution, therefore finding a way to create plastic without polluting the air would be a very positive change. In addition, plastic melts very easily when in contact with high temperatures. If the melting point was higher, plastic would be much more useful.
p. 182, #18-21
18.
a. Reusing is using the same item many times for the same or a different purpose than the item was initially made for. Recycling is to reprocess an item into a different item.
b. Two examples of reusing are using tote bags for grocery store shopping instead of plastic bags, and using metal water bottles instead of plastic water bottles. Two examples of recycling are recycling glass bottles, cans, paper, and plastic bottles into their proper disposal containers.
19. renewable resources: fertile soil, plants, animals, and fresh water.
nonrenewable resources: natural gas, coal, metals, and petroleum.
20.
a. Reusing
b. Recycling
c. Reusing
21. A light bulb is produced from plastics, chemicals, and glass. A newspaper is produced from plants and chemicals. One can throw a newspaper away in a trashcan, but light bulbs must be thrown away carefully because there are many chemicals inside. (ex. mercury).
a. Reusing is using the same item many times for the same or a different purpose than the item was initially made for. Recycling is to reprocess an item into a different item.
b. Two examples of reusing are using tote bags for grocery store shopping instead of plastic bags, and using metal water bottles instead of plastic water bottles. Two examples of recycling are recycling glass bottles, cans, paper, and plastic bottles into their proper disposal containers.
19. renewable resources: fertile soil, plants, animals, and fresh water.
nonrenewable resources: natural gas, coal, metals, and petroleum.
20.
a. Reusing
b. Recycling
c. Reusing
21. A light bulb is produced from plastics, chemicals, and glass. A newspaper is produced from plants and chemicals. One can throw a newspaper away in a trashcan, but light bulbs must be thrown away carefully because there are many chemicals inside. (ex. mercury).
Wednesday, July 13, 2011
p. 181, #13-17
13.
a. 6 moles of NH3 are needed to react with 9 mol PbO
b. 5 moles of N2 are produced by the reaction of 10 mol NH3
c. 5 moles of Pb are produced from 5 mol PbO
14.
a. 17 moles of N2 can be produced from 34g of NH3
b. 621g of Pb can be produced from the complete reaction of 3.0 mol PbO
**c. 17g of N2 can be produced from 34.0 g NH3
d. 415 g of PbO will produce 415 g Pb
15. It is not 67% because two oxygen atoms are 32g and a carbon atom is 12g. You would do the equation 32/32 + 12 x 100% which equals 73%.
16.
a. 87% silver
b. 53% aluminum
c. 40% calcium
17.
a. 68% lead
b. 50% PbSO4
c.10% lead
d. see paper
a. 6 moles of NH3 are needed to react with 9 mol PbO
b. 5 moles of N2 are produced by the reaction of 10 mol NH3
c. 5 moles of Pb are produced from 5 mol PbO
14.
a. 17 moles of N2 can be produced from 34g of NH3
b. 621g of Pb can be produced from the complete reaction of 3.0 mol PbO
**c. 17g of N2 can be produced from 34.0 g NH3
d. 415 g of PbO will produce 415 g Pb
15. It is not 67% because two oxygen atoms are 32g and a carbon atom is 12g. You would do the equation 32/32 + 12 x 100% which equals 73%.
16.
a. 87% silver
b. 53% aluminum
c. 40% calcium
17.
a. 68% lead
b. 50% PbSO4
c.10% lead
d. see paper
Tuesday, July 12, 2011
p. 180, #1-12
1. The law of conservation of matter is the statement that matter can neither be destroyed nor created.
2. A scientific law summarizes what has been learned my observation of nature.
3. These expressions are misleading because according to the law of conservation of matter, matter can not be disposed of by "throwing it away" and can not disappear by being "used up". Molecules can only be changed and decomposed, however this does not apply to atoms. Atoms are indestructible.
4.
a. Unbalanced
b. Unbalanced
c. Balanced
5.
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
6. See paper
a. 1, 3, 1, 3
b. 2, 3, 2, 2
c. 2, 3, 2
7.
a. 1, 3, 2, 2
b. 2, 25, 16, 18
8.
a. Yes.
b. No. Instead of changing the coefficients when balancing the equation, he changed the subscripts.
c. 1 Na2SO4 + 2KCL --> 2 NaCl + 1 K2SO4
9. It would take 400,000 seconds
10.
a. 32g
b. 48g
c. 100g
d. 58g
e.180g
11. Although copper and sodium have different masses, volumes, and densities, they have the same weight of each atom per mol.
12.
a. one atom
b. .5 atoms
c. .1 atoms
d. .03 atoms
2. A scientific law summarizes what has been learned my observation of nature.
3. These expressions are misleading because according to the law of conservation of matter, matter can not be disposed of by "throwing it away" and can not disappear by being "used up". Molecules can only be changed and decomposed, however this does not apply to atoms. Atoms are indestructible.
4.
a. Unbalanced
b. Unbalanced
c. Balanced
5.
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
6. See paper
a. 1, 3, 1, 3
b. 2, 3, 2, 2
c. 2, 3, 2
7.
a. 1, 3, 2, 2
b. 2, 25, 16, 18
8.
a. Yes.
b. No. Instead of changing the coefficients when balancing the equation, he changed the subscripts.
c. 1 Na2SO4 + 2KCL --> 2 NaCl + 1 K2SO4
9. It would take 400,000 seconds
10.
a. 32g
b. 48g
c. 100g
d. 58g
e.180g
11. Although copper and sodium have different masses, volumes, and densities, they have the same weight of each atom per mol.
12.
a. one atom
b. .5 atoms
c. .1 atoms
d. .03 atoms
Metal report: Zinc
Zinc
My metal report is on Zinc (Zn), the 24th most abundant element on Earth's crust. Before I get into details about this element, I am going to state the basic facts first. Zn has 30 protons and 30 electrons. It has 35 neutrons, resulting in a total atomic mass of 65.39. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. The only ion found in zinc is Zn2+. It's melting point is 419.53 degrees celsius and its boiling point is 907 degrees celsius. Zinc is naturally solid, most abundantly found in China, Canada, Japan, Australia, and the Republic of Korea. It is found as a bluish white, lustrous metal and has a hexagonal crystal structure. It is a fair conductor of electricity and is quite reactive. It has the lowest melting point of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium. Zinc is usually hard and brittle but it becomes rather malleable when between the temperatures of 100 and 150 degrees celsius. It has five stable isotopes. Zn-65 is the longest lasting isotope (243.8 days), while Zn-62 is the shortest lasting (9.26 hours).
Problems with Zinc
While Zinc is an essential element, intaking too much or too little zinc can cause problems. We need zinc in our body for proper taste and smell, the proper healing of wounds, and healthy skin. Listed are the problems that can occur if someone has zinc deficiency. These problems are more prominent in third world countries:
My metal report is on Zinc (Zn), the 24th most abundant element on Earth's crust. Before I get into details about this element, I am going to state the basic facts first. Zn has 30 protons and 30 electrons. It has 35 neutrons, resulting in a total atomic mass of 65.39. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. The only ion found in zinc is Zn2+. It's melting point is 419.53 degrees celsius and its boiling point is 907 degrees celsius. Zinc is naturally solid, most abundantly found in China, Canada, Japan, Australia, and the Republic of Korea. It is found as a bluish white, lustrous metal and has a hexagonal crystal structure. It is a fair conductor of electricity and is quite reactive. It has the lowest melting point of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium. Zinc is usually hard and brittle but it becomes rather malleable when between the temperatures of 100 and 150 degrees celsius. It has five stable isotopes. Zn-65 is the longest lasting isotope (243.8 days), while Zn-62 is the shortest lasting (9.26 hours).
While Zinc is an essential element, intaking too much or too little zinc can cause problems. We need zinc in our body for proper taste and smell, the proper healing of wounds, and healthy skin. Listed are the problems that can occur if someone has zinc deficiency. These problems are more prominent in third world countries:
- Growth retardation
- Delayed sexual maturation
- Infection
- Diarrhea
Listed are the problems that can occur with consumption of excess zinc:
- Ataxia (loss of full control of body movements)
- Lethargy (lack of energy, sleeplessness)
- Copper deficiency
Ways to obtain one's essential dosage of Zinc is to eat the following foods:
- Oysters
- Beans
- Nuts
- Almonds
- Pumpkin seeds
- Sunflower seeds
- Whole grains
- Veal liver
- Low fat roast beef
- Dark chocolate and cocoa powder
- Lamb
Founding of zinc
Zinc was discovered in 1746 by scientist Andreas Marggraf. The name zinc comes from the German word zin, which means tin. It is used as a metal coating, a rust protectant, in brass, in bronze, and in nickel.
Reactivity
Zinc is a strong reducing agent, meaning it is used to add electrons to other metals. When zinc is burned in the air, it forms a bright bluish-green flame and gives off fumes of zinc oxide. Zinc reacts with acids, alkali metals, and non-metals. When bonded with another element, it creates covalent bonds.
Reactivity
Zinc is a strong reducing agent, meaning it is used to add electrons to other metals. When zinc is burned in the air, it forms a bright bluish-green flame and gives off fumes of zinc oxide. Zinc reacts with acids, alkali metals, and non-metals. When bonded with another element, it creates covalent bonds.
Uses
Zinc is used to form numerous alloys. Alloys are metals that are mixed together to make an alternate metal. These alloys include brass, bronze, nickel silver, soft solder, German silver, spring brass, and aluminum solder. It is also used to make die castings for use in the electrical, automotive, and hardware industries. Die casting is a process that forces molten metal under high pressure into a mold cavity. Zinc oxide is used in paints, rubbers, cosmetics, plastics, inks, soap, batteries, pharmaceuticals etc...…
Sources
http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/zinc.htm
http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/zn.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Dietary_intake
Monday, July 11, 2011
p. 151, #9-22
9. Active metals are more difficult to process and refine because they are constantly reacting with the substances around them, making it harder to separate them from their compounds.
10. The metals that would be the easiest to process would be copper and silver because they are the least reactive.
11. Most metals exist in nature as minerals because most metals are reactive.
12. Calcium will most likely react with chromium(III) because it is more reactive than chromium. More reactive substances react with less reactive substances.
13. The first reaction is more likely to occur because the more reactive element is causing the ions of the less reactive element to change to a metal.
14.
a. It would be a bad idea because iron is more reactive than lead, resulting in the decomposition of the spoon.
b. Pb2+(aq) + Fe(s) à Pb+(aq) + Fe+(s)
15. During reduction, a reactant gains electrons and during oxidation, a reactant loses electrons.
16.
a. Ag3+ + 3e- à Ag
b. Và V4+ + 4e-
c. Cu+ à Cu2+ + e-
17.
a. reduction
b. oxidation
c. reduction
18.
a. Zinc has been oxidized because it has lost electrons.
b. Nickel has been reduced because it has gained electrons.
c. Zinc is the reducing agent
19.
a. Potassium has been oxidized because it has lost an electron.
b. Mercury has been reduced because it gained electrons
c. The oxidizing agent is mercury
20.
a. Al(s) + Cr3+(aq) à Al3+(aq) + Cr(s)
b. Mn2+(aq) + Mg(s) à Mn(s) + Mg2+(aq)
21.
a. Electrometallurgy uses an electric current to add electrons to ions, thus reducing the ion into an atom.
b. Pyrometallurgy uses thermal heat to supply electrons to the ion. Carbon and carbon monoxide serve as the reducing agents.
c. Hydrometallurgy treats ores and other metal containing materials with reactants in a water solution.
22.
a. Electrometallurgy
b. Pyrometallurgy
10. The metals that would be the easiest to process would be copper and silver because they are the least reactive.
11. Most metals exist in nature as minerals because most metals are reactive.
12. Calcium will most likely react with chromium(III) because it is more reactive than chromium. More reactive substances react with less reactive substances.
13. The first reaction is more likely to occur because the more reactive element is causing the ions of the less reactive element to change to a metal.
14.
a. It would be a bad idea because iron is more reactive than lead, resulting in the decomposition of the spoon.
b. Pb2+(aq) + Fe(s) à Pb+(aq) + Fe+(s)
15. During reduction, a reactant gains electrons and during oxidation, a reactant loses electrons.
16.
a. Ag3+ + 3e- à Ag
b. Và V4+ + 4e-
c. Cu+ à Cu2+ + e-
17.
a. reduction
b. oxidation
c. reduction
18.
a. Zinc has been oxidized because it has lost electrons.
b. Nickel has been reduced because it has gained electrons.
c. Zinc is the reducing agent
19.
a. Potassium has been oxidized because it has lost an electron.
b. Mercury has been reduced because it gained electrons
c. The oxidizing agent is mercury
20.
a. Al(s) + Cr3+(aq) à Al3+(aq) + Cr(s)
b. Mn2+(aq) + Mg(s) à Mn(s) + Mg2+(aq)
21.
a. Electrometallurgy uses an electric current to add electrons to ions, thus reducing the ion into an atom.
b. Pyrometallurgy uses thermal heat to supply electrons to the ion. Carbon and carbon monoxide serve as the reducing agents.
c. Hydrometallurgy treats ores and other metal containing materials with reactants in a water solution.
22.
a. Electrometallurgy
b. Pyrometallurgy
Thursday, July 7, 2011
p. 151, #1-8
1.
Lithosphere: Coal and oil
Atmosphere: H20 and Co2
Hydrosphere: H20 and 3.5% of NaCl
2 a .
The crust: the surface of the earth that we live on
The mantle: molten rock that creates hot spots and is a source for volcanos
The core: the magnetic center of the earth, very hot
b. The lithosphere contains the most chemical resources used in manufacturing.
3.
a. silver: Mexico
b. copper: Japan
c. tin: China
4. China produces the most
5. Minerals are different from ores because minerals are a pure form and are not attached to other substances. An ore is a mineral that is attached to other substances, yet the mineral can still be detached from the other substances.
6. Factors that determine the feasibility of mining a particular metallic ore at a site is whether the spot has traces of the ore found or if the site has colors in the rock that are the same colors of the mineral that is being targeted.
7. Factors that may have influenced the decision to reopen the mine are that more of the gold may have formed and now be visibly minable.
8. A "useful ore" means that the mineral has at least 1% of of mineral crystals inside of it.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lithosphere: Coal and oil
Atmosphere: H20 and Co2
Hydrosphere: H20 and 3.5% of NaCl
2 a .
The crust: the surface of the earth that we live on
The mantle: molten rock that creates hot spots and is a source for volcanos
The core: the magnetic center of the earth, very hot
b. The lithosphere contains the most chemical resources used in manufacturing.
3.
a. silver: Mexico
b. copper: Japan
c. tin: China
4. China produces the most
5. Minerals are different from ores because minerals are a pure form and are not attached to other substances. An ore is a mineral that is attached to other substances, yet the mineral can still be detached from the other substances.
6. Factors that determine the feasibility of mining a particular metallic ore at a site is whether the spot has traces of the ore found or if the site has colors in the rock that are the same colors of the mineral that is being targeted.
7. Factors that may have influenced the decision to reopen the mine are that more of the gold may have formed and now be visibly minable.
8. A "useful ore" means that the mineral has at least 1% of of mineral crystals inside of it.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
p. 132, #26-28, 29-34
26. Metallic elements are more likely to lose electrons.
27. It indicates that they are very nonreactive.
28.
a. Na: cation
b. Ca: cation
c. F: anion
d. Cu: cation
e. O: anion
f. Li: cation
g. Sn: cation
h. I: anion
29. B. oxygen with mass number 16 and oxygen with mass number 18. The only difference between the two is that one is an isotope and the other isn't, however they are still chemically exactly the same. Copper metal and copper(II) are very different. One is very active while the other is not.
30. The diameter of a calcium ion is 205 pm
31. a. change in color: a fence being painted (physical), iron rusting (chemical)
b. change in temperature: sidewalk in the sun (physical), exothermic reaction from two elements reacting together (chemical)
c. formation of a gas: water boiling (physical), HCl and zinc reacting giving off hydrogen gas bubbles (chemical)
32.
a: Bromine
b: Silicon
33. The date from the fish kill mystery was based off of unusual levels of certain elements that occurred in an extreme pattern. The periodic table is like the chart of the fish kill date because it is also sorted out in a pattern.
34. Thorium and protactinium and uranium and neptunium.
27. It indicates that they are very nonreactive.
28.
a. Na: cation
b. Ca: cation
c. F: anion
d. Cu: cation
e. O: anion
f. Li: cation
g. Sn: cation
h. I: anion
29. B. oxygen with mass number 16 and oxygen with mass number 18. The only difference between the two is that one is an isotope and the other isn't, however they are still chemically exactly the same. Copper metal and copper(II) are very different. One is very active while the other is not.
30. The diameter of a calcium ion is 205 pm
31. a. change in color: a fence being painted (physical), iron rusting (chemical)
b. change in temperature: sidewalk in the sun (physical), exothermic reaction from two elements reacting together (chemical)
c. formation of a gas: water boiling (physical), HCl and zinc reacting giving off hydrogen gas bubbles (chemical)
32.
a: Bromine
b: Silicon
33. The date from the fish kill mystery was based off of unusual levels of certain elements that occurred in an extreme pattern. The periodic table is like the chart of the fish kill date because it is also sorted out in a pattern.
34. Thorium and protactinium and uranium and neptunium.
Extra credit week four:
http://www.economist.com/node/17722567
The U-bend of life
The article I read was about how people's happiness changes throughout different stages of their life. When someone begins their life as an adult, they have a natural cheerful outlook. However, things go downhill from being a young adult until middle until they have a midlife crisis. After someone has their midlife crisis, they begin attaining the goal of everyone in life: happiness. Even though there minds may not be as sharp, they are getting wrinkles, their hair is turning gray, and their joints are beginning to ache, they are becoming happy. There are four main factors that are said to contribute to ones happiness: gender, personality, external circumstances, and age. Woman tend to be happier than man, but they are also more susceptible to depression. This shows that the emotions of woman are more intense than that of men. The global average of unhappiness is 46 years old. Happiness is also proven to make one healthier. When diagnosed with an illness, the stressed heal less quickly than the relaxed.
Things that tend to make people happier:
The U-bend of life
The article I read was about how people's happiness changes throughout different stages of their life. When someone begins their life as an adult, they have a natural cheerful outlook. However, things go downhill from being a young adult until middle until they have a midlife crisis. After someone has their midlife crisis, they begin attaining the goal of everyone in life: happiness. Even though there minds may not be as sharp, they are getting wrinkles, their hair is turning gray, and their joints are beginning to ache, they are becoming happy. There are four main factors that are said to contribute to ones happiness: gender, personality, external circumstances, and age. Woman tend to be happier than man, but they are also more susceptible to depression. This shows that the emotions of woman are more intense than that of men. The global average of unhappiness is 46 years old. Happiness is also proven to make one healthier. When diagnosed with an illness, the stressed heal less quickly than the relaxed.
Things that tend to make people happier:
- being married
- being educated
- being wealthy
Things that tend to make people sad:
- having children in the house
- being unemployed
Converting copper lab questions
1 a. Describe changes you observed as you heated the copper.
The copper, originally a reddish gold powder turned into a black solid chip. Once the copper was weighed after it had been heated, the mass was bigger.
b. Did the copper atoms remain in the crucible? Explain, using evidence from your observations.
Yes, the copper atoms remained in the crucible.
2 a. Were the changes you observed physical changes or chemical changes?
They were chemical changes and physical changes
b. What observational evidence leads you to that conclusion?
They were chemical changes because there was a change in odor, a change in color, and a change in mass. The physical changes were the change from a powder into a solid.
3 a. How did the mass of the crucible contents change after you heated the copper?
The mass got heavier by .08 g
b. Explain why the mass of the crucible contents changed in that manner.
The mass got heavier because the copper became oxidized.
Wednesday, July 6, 2011
Post bar graph questions
1. In the first graph, there is a trend of the bar changing from very high to low. In the second graph, it is apparent that the boiling points follow the same pattern as the oxygen.
2. Yes, they are consistent with earlier found patterns because it switches between nonmetals and metals, as it does on the periodic table, and the boiling points also shift as they do on the periodic table.
3. It is called a periodic table because the elements have a repeating pattern.
4. The elements with the highest oxide numbers on the periodic table are surrounding the noble gasses on the far right of the table.
5. The elements with the highest boiling points are on the far right and far left of the periodic table.
6. The elements with higher boiling points have higher oxide levels.
7. Krypton should have to lowest boiling point because it is a noble gas. All noble gasses have low boiling points. A reason for this is since they are gasses, there atoms are not as tightly bound, making it easier to boil.
8. Gallium should have the lowest boiling point, and then the rest will have boiling points corresponding to their oxide levels.
2. Yes, they are consistent with earlier found patterns because it switches between nonmetals and metals, as it does on the periodic table, and the boiling points also shift as they do on the periodic table.
3. It is called a periodic table because the elements have a repeating pattern.
4. The elements with the highest oxide numbers on the periodic table are surrounding the noble gasses on the far right of the table.
5. The elements with the highest boiling points are on the far right and far left of the periodic table.
6. The elements with higher boiling points have higher oxide levels.
7. Krypton should have to lowest boiling point because it is a noble gas. All noble gasses have low boiling points. A reason for this is since they are gasses, there atoms are not as tightly bound, making it easier to boil.
8. Gallium should have the lowest boiling point, and then the rest will have boiling points corresponding to their oxide levels.
p. 130, #13-25
13.
a. row: (horizontal) periods that are grouped according to the increase in atomic number
b. column: (vertical) groups that are organized by elements with similar properties
14.
. Hydrogen (H)
. Sodium (Na)
15.
a: Noble gasses are located on the far left side of the periodic table - the last group
b: Noble gasses are all in a gas state at room temperature
c: Noble gases are all nonreactive with other elements
16.
a. Mg and F: MgF2
b. Ga and P: GaP
17. My estimated melting point of K is about 68.5 degrees celsius. I found this by averaging 98 degrees celsius and 39 degrees celsius.
18. I would expect the boiling point of iodine to be higher than that of chlorine because iodine has a higher atomic number than chlorine.
19. See on paper
20. See on paper
21. If the lead atom gained two protons to make the ion, it would have changed into another element. If the number of protons changes, the element transforms into another element. The only way an ion can be formed is through the loss or gaining of electrons. The way that the lead ion was formed was by losing two electrons.
22.
a:
- Be: 9
- N: 14
- Ne: 20
b: Carbon has two isotopes
23. No, the mass number does not prove that there is a new element. In order for the element to be added to the periodic table, we must be aware of its physical and chemical properties along with the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
24. The mass of an electron is much less than the mass of a proton and a neutron. It does not contribute that much to the atomic mass.
25.
. Mg-24: protons: 12 neutrons: 12
. Mg-25: protons: 12 neutrons: 13
. Mg-26: protons: 12 neutrons: 14
a. row: (horizontal) periods that are grouped according to the increase in atomic number
b. column: (vertical) groups that are organized by elements with similar properties
14.
. Hydrogen (H)
. Sodium (Na)
15.
a: Noble gasses are located on the far left side of the periodic table - the last group
b: Noble gasses are all in a gas state at room temperature
c: Noble gases are all nonreactive with other elements
16.
a. Mg and F: MgF2
b. Ga and P: GaP
17. My estimated melting point of K is about 68.5 degrees celsius. I found this by averaging 98 degrees celsius and 39 degrees celsius.
18. I would expect the boiling point of iodine to be higher than that of chlorine because iodine has a higher atomic number than chlorine.
19. See on paper
20. See on paper
21. If the lead atom gained two protons to make the ion, it would have changed into another element. If the number of protons changes, the element transforms into another element. The only way an ion can be formed is through the loss or gaining of electrons. The way that the lead ion was formed was by losing two electrons.
22.
a:
- Be: 9
- N: 14
- Ne: 20
b: Carbon has two isotopes
23. No, the mass number does not prove that there is a new element. In order for the element to be added to the periodic table, we must be aware of its physical and chemical properties along with the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
24. The mass of an electron is much less than the mass of a proton and a neutron. It does not contribute that much to the atomic mass.
25.
. Mg-24: protons: 12 neutrons: 12
. Mg-25: protons: 12 neutrons: 13
. Mg-26: protons: 12 neutrons: 14
Metal or Nonmetal Lab
Metal or Nonmetal – Lab Report
July 5th, 2011
Oliver Ghadoushi, Eva Nazar
Summer School 2011 – Chemistry
Dr. Forman
____________________________
Purpose of lab: investigate several properties of seven given elements and decide if each is a metal, non-metal, or a metalloid
Abstract:
The purpose of this lab was to observe 7 different samples and record the appearance of each element (color, luster, form) and test for conductivity. In the end of this experiment, we are expected to be able to determine whether the sample was a metal or nonmetal. We did this by hammering the substance, connecting the substance to a circuit with a light bulb, and dropping in 15-20 drops of HCl and CuCl2 The tools we used in this experiment were two different well plates, a hammer, a small spoon, and HCl and CuCl2. The first thing we did was crush the different substances with the hammer to test whether they were malleable or brittle. Six of the samples were brittle while only one was malleable. When we tested the samples for conductivity, most of the samples were conductors. This showed us that most likely more than half of the samples were metals. We then observed the reactivity of these samples with hydrochloric acid and copper (II) chloride. This helped us in determining whether it was a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal because we know that metals tend to be very chemically reactive.
Procedures:
-Created data table to guide and record various data’s encountered in investigation
-Given each element, write letter of substance on paper corresponding to product
-Collect and try to crush each metal given on a separate piece of paper on table, crush and analyze overall appearance of each element (color and form)
-Continue same procedure with each substance given and record on data table
-After all are complete, take each crushed substance and place in corresponding well in an organized manner
-Drop 15-20 drops of copper chloride (CuCl2) in each of the 7 wells (A-G)
-Observe and watch any unique reaction to each substance, analyze as it goes
-Test reactivity with acid, add 15-20 drops of HCl to each of the seven wells
-Observe and watch any reaction, analyze and record result
-Clean area, wash hands, and take photographs if applicable
Lab Questions:
1.
1. Appearance = Physical Property
2. Conductivity = Physical Property
3. Crushing = Physical Property
4. Copper Chloride reactivity = Chemical Property
5. Acid reactivity = Chemical Property
2. a. Samples B & G were metals
b. Samples A, D, C, F, E were nonmetals
3. The elements that were metalloids could fit into either group (F, C, D). Several did and did not conduct electricity, and others that were filled in with the acids reacted uniquely.
Data Analysis:
After observing malleability vs. brittleness, conductivity, and reactivity of the samples with HCl and CuCl2, we have determined which are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
sample A: metal
sample B: metal
sample C: metalloid
sample D: metalloid
sample E: nonmetal
sample F: metalloid
sample G: metal
Metals tended to always have conductivity, they were usually lustrous, and were brittle or malleable. They were reactive with either HCl or CuCl2 or both. If they were good conductors, yet they were not reactive, they were most likely metalloids. Nonmetals were nonreactive and were not conductors. For example, sample E was not a conductor and nor did it react.
July 5th, 2011
Oliver Ghadoushi, Eva Nazar
Summer School 2011 – Chemistry
Dr. Forman
____________________________
Purpose of lab: investigate several properties of seven given elements and decide if each is a metal, non-metal, or a metalloid
Abstract:
The purpose of this lab was to observe 7 different samples and record the appearance of each element (color, luster, form) and test for conductivity. In the end of this experiment, we are expected to be able to determine whether the sample was a metal or nonmetal. We did this by hammering the substance, connecting the substance to a circuit with a light bulb, and dropping in 15-20 drops of HCl and CuCl2 The tools we used in this experiment were two different well plates, a hammer, a small spoon, and HCl and CuCl2. The first thing we did was crush the different substances with the hammer to test whether they were malleable or brittle. Six of the samples were brittle while only one was malleable. When we tested the samples for conductivity, most of the samples were conductors. This showed us that most likely more than half of the samples were metals. We then observed the reactivity of these samples with hydrochloric acid and copper (II) chloride. This helped us in determining whether it was a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal because we know that metals tend to be very chemically reactive.
Procedures:
-Created data table to guide and record various data’s encountered in investigation
-Given each element, write letter of substance on paper corresponding to product
-Collect and try to crush each metal given on a separate piece of paper on table, crush and analyze overall appearance of each element (color and form)
-Continue same procedure with each substance given and record on data table
-After all are complete, take each crushed substance and place in corresponding well in an organized manner
-Drop 15-20 drops of copper chloride (CuCl2) in each of the 7 wells (A-G)
-Observe and watch any unique reaction to each substance, analyze as it goes
-Test reactivity with acid, add 15-20 drops of HCl to each of the seven wells
-Observe and watch any reaction, analyze and record result
-Clean area, wash hands, and take photographs if applicable
Lab Questions:
1.
1. Appearance = Physical Property
2. Conductivity = Physical Property
3. Crushing = Physical Property
4. Copper Chloride reactivity = Chemical Property
5. Acid reactivity = Chemical Property
2. a. Samples B & G were metals
b. Samples A, D, C, F, E were nonmetals
3. The elements that were metalloids could fit into either group (F, C, D). Several did and did not conduct electricity, and others that were filled in with the acids reacted uniquely.
Data Analysis:
After observing malleability vs. brittleness, conductivity, and reactivity of the samples with HCl and CuCl2, we have determined which are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
sample A: metal
sample B: metal
sample C: metalloid
sample D: metalloid
sample E: nonmetal
sample F: metalloid
sample G: metal
Metals tended to always have conductivity, they were usually lustrous, and were brittle or malleable. They were reactive with either HCl or CuCl2 or both. If they were good conductors, yet they were not reactive, they were most likely metalloids. Nonmetals were nonreactive and were not conductors. For example, sample E was not a conductor and nor did it react.
Tuesday, July 5, 2011
p. 130, #1-12
1.
a: physical property
b: chemical property
c: chemical property
d: physical property
2.
a: physical property
b: physical property
c: chemical property
d: chemical property
3.
a: chemical change
b: chemical change
c: physical change
d: physical change
4.
a: chemical change
b: physical change
c: chemical change
d: physical change
5.
a: It is a chemical change because it is a change in color.
b: In order for the battery to lose charge, a chemical reaction did not have to take place. The battery is still the same substance, it just doesn't have the charge anymore.
c: The oil stain is removed by a chemical reaction between the soap/stain remover and the oil on the clothing. Two non-polar substances must be used in order for the stain to go away.
d: The salad dressing naturally separates over time but it is not due to a chemical reaction and even after it has separated, it is still salad dressing.
6.
a: 1. Gathering the ingredients and tools needed to make the cookies 2. mixing the dough together 3. rolling the dough into balls and putting it on the tray 4. cooking the dough in the oven
b: 1 and 3 are physical changes and 2 and 4 are chemical changes.
7.
a: metal
b: nonmetal
c: nonmetal
d: metal
8.
a: metal
b: metalloid
c: nonmetal
d: metal
9. Boron (B) and Silicon (Si)
10.
a: brittle
b: malleable
c: brittle
d: malleable
11. They are not good conductors and they are brittle, so they would not bend well.
12. They are lustrous, malleable, and ductile.
a: physical property
b: chemical property
c: chemical property
d: physical property
2.
a: physical property
b: physical property
c: chemical property
d: chemical property
3.
a: chemical change
b: chemical change
c: physical change
d: physical change
4.
a: chemical change
b: physical change
c: chemical change
d: physical change
5.
a: It is a chemical change because it is a change in color.
b: In order for the battery to lose charge, a chemical reaction did not have to take place. The battery is still the same substance, it just doesn't have the charge anymore.
c: The oil stain is removed by a chemical reaction between the soap/stain remover and the oil on the clothing. Two non-polar substances must be used in order for the stain to go away.
d: The salad dressing naturally separates over time but it is not due to a chemical reaction and even after it has separated, it is still salad dressing.
6.
a: 1. Gathering the ingredients and tools needed to make the cookies 2. mixing the dough together 3. rolling the dough into balls and putting it on the tray 4. cooking the dough in the oven
b: 1 and 3 are physical changes and 2 and 4 are chemical changes.
7.
a: metal
b: nonmetal
c: nonmetal
d: metal
8.
a: metal
b: metalloid
c: nonmetal
d: metal
9. Boron (B) and Silicon (Si)
10.
a: brittle
b: malleable
c: brittle
d: malleable
11. They are not good conductors and they are brittle, so they would not bend well.
12. They are lustrous, malleable, and ductile.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)