1. A hydrocarbon is a molecule made of hydrogen atoms where the carbon serves as the backbone.
3. Petroleum is a very valuable resource because one can either burn it or use it to make new substances. Most importantly, petroleum makes plastic. It is also cheap and easy to refine.
5. Oil is crude because it is not renewable and it takes a long time to naturally form. It is very valuable and we depend on it so much, that if we ran out, it would be a world disaster.
6.
a) The average number of barrels of petroleum used daily in the United States for building purposes is 4,000,000 barrels
b) 16,000,000 barrels of petroleum are burned as fuel daily in the United States.
7. Gasoline and diesel fuel come from crude petroleum.
8.
a) plastic hangers, pantyhose, flip flops, fake fur
b) We could use wooden hangers to hang our clothes, wear cotton pantyhose, wear flip flops made of cloth, and wear real fur or fleece.
10.
a) The Middle East
b) Western Europe
11.
a) North America, Central Asian, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, the Far East, and Oceania.
b) Africa, Central and South America, and the Middle East.
12. Density can be used to separate different liquids with the process of distillation.
13. Acetone and water would be the easiest to separate from each other because acetone has a much lower boiling point, and therefore would evaporate very quickly leaving pure water behind.
15. Check paper
16. Fractional distillation is different from simple distillation because fractional distillation separates the substance into many different sections and creates different physical states not only liquid.
17.
light: aviation gas and motor gas, naphthas and solvents, petrochemicals, kerosene, and refined oils
intermediate: gas oil, petrochemicals, heavy furnace oil, and diesel fuel oil
heavy distillates: lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax, cracking stock, and petrochemicals
residues: lubricating oil and fuel oil, petroleum jelly, road oils and asphalt, and petroleum coke.
18. The bottom fraction would have the highest boiling point because it is a solid.
19. You could further separate the fractions by redoing the process of distillation according to the properties of the substances in the mixture.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, and octane. The more hydrogen that a molecule contains, the higher the boiling point.
21. A covalent bond is a bond between atoms where valence electrons are shared.
22. Atoms with filled outer electron shells do not form covalent bonds with other atoms because they are nonreactive since there shells are completed and they have no reason to attach to other atoms.
23. Each atom needs the shared electron in order to be stable, and therefore they both equally have it. This relates how the dogs both want the sock because it makes both of them happy. The bond is not broken until there is a chemical reaction, which would be one of the dogs taking away the sock and sharing it with another dog.
26.
a) A structural formula has the shape of a three dimensional molecule while a molecular formular just represents the atoms
b) A structural formula is inadequate of an actual molecule because it does not show it in 3D. A real atom is 3-dimensional.
27. Check paper
28. It only shows four dots because carbon has four valence electrons. The four electrons are the electrons that are available in the outer shell for sharing.
29.
a) C9H20
b) C16H34
c) C10H22
d) C18H38
30.
a) 128g
b) 226g
c) 142g
d)254g
31.
a) Heptane, C7H16
b) ??
32. It implies that the carbon-carbon bonding is a single covalent bond
33. Yes, the models are isomers of one another because they have the same chemical formula but have different branches and layouts.
34. Check paper
35. The shortest-chain alkane that demonstrates isomerism is CH4
36. Both representations are correct because the formation of the hydrocarbon molecules does not have to be identical each time. The formation can be different but the structure of the individual molecule must remain the same.
37. Check paper
38.
a) A short straight chain because it is easier to separate.
b) A short branched chain because it would be denser and smaller and easier to separate
c) A short branched chain because it has less molecules and therefore the bonds are not as strong.
Wednesday, July 20, 2011
What I got out of summer Chem
What I found most valuable in Dr. Forman's chemistry class was the study of water pollution and water shortage. The debate opened my eyes up to a lot of different viewpoints on water as well. As Katrina and I were the only people in the class who thought water pollution was a bigger issue, we were able to share our opinions and reasons for believing that with other people as we also got to hear why water shortage is a big conflict as well. I also learned a lot about water from not only the video, but from our first lab, the water filtration lab. There are a lot of processes that need to take place in order for water to become drinkable and its very expensive to do all those procedures to a very large quantity of water that is enough for a region or country. Summer school has been a good experience because I have become aware of which ways I learn best. I don't think summer school is the right program for me because It takes time for me to process ideas and understand them. Reviewing is necessary for my understanding of a topic and with such a rushed class, that is not as much time available to review certain topics over and over again.
Tuesday, July 19, 2011
p. 258, #1-10
1. Petroleum is sometimes called "buried sunshine" because the energy stored in petroleum originally came from the sun.
2.
a. potential energy: energy of position (ex. a ball on top of a steep hill)
b. kinetic energy: energy related to motion (ex. a child riding a bike)
3. During a chemical reaction, existing bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy because it has more carbons, which means that the molecule has more electrons.
5.
a) potential energy
b) potential energy
c) kinetic energy
d) potential energy
e) potential energy
6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is needed to break preexisting bonds and reorganize to form new bonds. The products have less potential energy than they did before the chemical reaction took place.
7.
a) exothermic reaction
b) endothermic reaction
c) exothermic reaction
8. Burning of a candle gives off heat energy, therefore it is an exothermic reaction. The product has less energy than the original reactants because it has to give off its energy in order for the reaction to create fire.
9. See picture
10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created nor destroyed in any chemical, mechanical, or physical processes.
2.
a. potential energy: energy of position (ex. a ball on top of a steep hill)
b. kinetic energy: energy related to motion (ex. a child riding a bike)
3. During a chemical reaction, existing bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy because it has more carbons, which means that the molecule has more electrons.
5.
a) potential energy
b) potential energy
c) kinetic energy
d) potential energy
e) potential energy
6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is needed to break preexisting bonds and reorganize to form new bonds. The products have less potential energy than they did before the chemical reaction took place.
7.
a) exothermic reaction
b) endothermic reaction
c) exothermic reaction
8. Burning of a candle gives off heat energy, therefore it is an exothermic reaction. The product has less energy than the original reactants because it has to give off its energy in order for the reaction to create fire.
9. See picture
10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created nor destroyed in any chemical, mechanical, or physical processes.
p. 360, #14-20
14. CO2 and water vapor maintain the stable surface temperature of the Earth. When the sun rays hit the eEarth, gas molecules absorb most of the radiation, preventing the high levels of heat from reaching the Earth. During the nighttime, the heat that has been absorbed by the gasses is released, and this helps the temperature stay warm enough.
15.
a)
natural processes: the carbon cycle
human activities: CO2 released from cars
b)
natural processes: A cow's digestion which releases methane into the air
16.
a) increase: a high amount of CO2 levels in the air, trapping the heat on Earth
b) decrease: An increase of gas molecules because fewer rays would reach the surface
17. A greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls because the radiation waves that enter the greenhouse do not escape easily because they keep reflecting off of the glass back onto the ground.
18.
a)
b)
19. Methane, carbon dioxide, and limestone.
20. Carbon atoms go through the carbon cycle, which takes the carbon atoms through the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. It enters the atmosphere when carbon is released as carbon dioxide. It enters the hydrosphere when it is used in plants for respiration and is in glucose form. It becomes part of the biosphere when the CO2 is exhaled from plants becoming oxygen, that is inhaled by humans and exhaled as CO2 by humans. CO2 is also inhaled by underwater plants which also makes it part of the hydrosphere. It is also formed into limestone which makes it part of the lithosphere.
15.
a)
natural processes: the carbon cycle
human activities: CO2 released from cars
b)
natural processes: A cow's digestion which releases methane into the air
human activities: Burning of methane
16.
a) increase: a high amount of CO2 levels in the air, trapping the heat on Earth
b) decrease: An increase of gas molecules because fewer rays would reach the surface
17. A greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls because the radiation waves that enter the greenhouse do not escape easily because they keep reflecting off of the glass back onto the ground.
18.
a)
19. Methane, carbon dioxide, and limestone.
20. Carbon atoms go through the carbon cycle, which takes the carbon atoms through the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. It enters the atmosphere when carbon is released as carbon dioxide. It enters the hydrosphere when it is used in plants for respiration and is in glucose form. It becomes part of the biosphere when the CO2 is exhaled from plants becoming oxygen, that is inhaled by humans and exhaled as CO2 by humans. CO2 is also inhaled by underwater plants which also makes it part of the hydrosphere. It is also formed into limestone which makes it part of the lithosphere.
p. 344, #1-4
1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is more dangerous than exposure to infrared radiation because infrared radiation is the least energetic. UV lights can cause sunburn, skin cancer, and are even hot enough to be used for sterilization. Infrared radiation is mostly just heat energy and is not very harmful.
2. Visible solar radiation energizes electrons and provides energy in order for photosynthesis reactions to occur.
3. There is less water vapor in dry areas like New Mexico and Arizona, and therefore infrared radiation is not stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere but is just stuck at the surface of the Earth. That is what is causing dry hot weather during the day and cold temperatures at night. However in places such as Florida, there is an abundant amount of water vapor in the air which absorbs the heat, keeping the temperature more stable.
4.
a. If the Earth had fewer gas molecules the days would be much hotter because there would not be enough molecules to absorb the heat and reflect it back to the atmosphere, and therefore, the heat would be stuck on the surface.
b. A less dense atmosphere would make the nights much cooler because there would not be enough gas molecules to absorb the heat and maintain it for the night.
2. Visible solar radiation energizes electrons and provides energy in order for photosynthesis reactions to occur.
3. There is less water vapor in dry areas like New Mexico and Arizona, and therefore infrared radiation is not stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere but is just stuck at the surface of the Earth. That is what is causing dry hot weather during the day and cold temperatures at night. However in places such as Florida, there is an abundant amount of water vapor in the air which absorbs the heat, keeping the temperature more stable.
4.
a. If the Earth had fewer gas molecules the days would be much hotter because there would not be enough molecules to absorb the heat and reflect it back to the atmosphere, and therefore, the heat would be stuck on the surface.
b. A less dense atmosphere would make the nights much cooler because there would not be enough gas molecules to absorb the heat and maintain it for the night.
Monday, July 18, 2011
p. 361, #1-8
1. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy is directly proportional. Therefore, the higher the energy, the higher the frequency.
2. Spectrum is a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from the lowest types to the highest.
3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis because it energizes electrons in some chemical bonds. Infrared radiation does not have enough energy and ultraviolet light is too powerful and would damage the plants.
4.
a. Infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation.
b. Infrared radiation is heat energy and affects the temperatures of nonliving and living things on Earth. Visible radiation has a big influence on plant photosynthesis, giving the plants the power they need. Ultraviolet radiation gives us the essential vitamin D we need but can also cause sunburn and skin cancer.
5. Visible light does not have enough energy to to sterilize lab goggles. On the other hand, UV-C (ultraviolet light used to sterilize) can break covalent bonds and kill bacteria and germs in order to sterilize objects.
6. Infrared radiation mostly absorbed my carbon dioxide and water and does not reach Earth's surface. 90% of visible radiation reaches the Earth and causes red sunsets and blue skies. Ultraviolet radiation is mostly absorbed by the atmosphere and only a small amount reaches Earth's surface, however this is a good thing because if not then most likely everything on Earth would be destroyed.
7. When solar radiation is trapped by greenhouse gasses, it can cause an increase in temperature on Earth's surface. It can also increase the amount of water vapor which then enters the atmosphere.
8.
a. A lake will heat up more quickly. Water stores and absorbs heat while asphalt also reflects the energy back into space.
b. Water has a higher specific heat capacity than asphalt.
2. Spectrum is a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from the lowest types to the highest.
3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis because it energizes electrons in some chemical bonds. Infrared radiation does not have enough energy and ultraviolet light is too powerful and would damage the plants.
4.
a. Infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation.
b. Infrared radiation is heat energy and affects the temperatures of nonliving and living things on Earth. Visible radiation has a big influence on plant photosynthesis, giving the plants the power they need. Ultraviolet radiation gives us the essential vitamin D we need but can also cause sunburn and skin cancer.
5. Visible light does not have enough energy to to sterilize lab goggles. On the other hand, UV-C (ultraviolet light used to sterilize) can break covalent bonds and kill bacteria and germs in order to sterilize objects.
6. Infrared radiation mostly absorbed my carbon dioxide and water and does not reach Earth's surface. 90% of visible radiation reaches the Earth and causes red sunsets and blue skies. Ultraviolet radiation is mostly absorbed by the atmosphere and only a small amount reaches Earth's surface, however this is a good thing because if not then most likely everything on Earth would be destroyed.
7. When solar radiation is trapped by greenhouse gasses, it can cause an increase in temperature on Earth's surface. It can also increase the amount of water vapor which then enters the atmosphere.
8.
a. A lake will heat up more quickly. Water stores and absorbs heat while asphalt also reflects the energy back into space.
b. Water has a higher specific heat capacity than asphalt.
Sunday, July 17, 2011
p. 204, #7-13
7. An alloy is a solid solution consisting of atoms of two or more metals.
8. Two common alloys are brass and steel. Brass is made from copper and zinc. We use brass in plumbing, screws, and lighting fixtures. Steel is made from iron and carbon. Steel is used in car and plane parts, kitchen utensils, kitchen appliances, and commonly in modern house architecture.
9. Carbon is used in stainless steel and in steel.
10. AlMg- magnalium (magnesium and aluminum). It is strong and used in airplane bodies and ladders.
11. Semiconductors are between the metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
12. Boron, arsenic, and phosphorous are commonly used for doping semiconductors.
13. They are commonly used in electronic devices such as transistors and integrated circuits for computers.
8. Two common alloys are brass and steel. Brass is made from copper and zinc. We use brass in plumbing, screws, and lighting fixtures. Steel is made from iron and carbon. Steel is used in car and plane parts, kitchen utensils, kitchen appliances, and commonly in modern house architecture.
9. Carbon is used in stainless steel and in steel.
10. AlMg- magnalium (magnesium and aluminum). It is strong and used in airplane bodies and ladders.
11. Semiconductors are between the metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
12. Boron, arsenic, and phosphorous are commonly used for doping semiconductors.
13. They are commonly used in electronic devices such as transistors and integrated circuits for computers.
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